|
CyberSTEM
Top
Gaming |
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|
Blogs |
Listserves |
User Groups |
Card
Games |
| Card
Game Site |
Bringing you rules and information about card
and tile games from all parts of the world |
| Close
to 100 |
The game Close to 100 engages students in solving
mathematical problems in ways that make sense to them, talking
about their work, working with peers, building models of mathematical
situations, relying on their own thinking, and learning from
the thinking of others |
| House
of Cards |
Features all your favorite traditional
and family card games. You can learn the rules to new games,
download software, and play card games online |
| Invented
Card Games |
Site is devoted to new games played with existing
cards. The idea is to provide a forum for card game inventors
to publish their ideas, and to try out and comment on each other's
games. |
Board
Games |
| BoardGameGeek |
Serving the Board Game Community Since January
2000 |
| Board
Game Central |
Central resource for board game
information, rules, software, and links, focused on the traditional
and family board games that many people know and love, as well
as new games you might not yet be familiar. |
| Games
for Learning |
Lots of ideas for making your own home-made educational
games. |
| Traditional
Games and History |
This website provides history,
useful links and current information about traditional games
from around the world |
| International
Society for Board Game Studies |
An interdisciplinary group dedicated to research
on board games and the history and development of board games
around the world |
| Technical
Reading and Writing Using Board Games |
Examples of how to apply to
your classroom |
| By
Marcel Milat, The Role of Chess in Modern Education
|
Article on the Role that Chess can play in Today’s
Education |
| Learn
chess at Kids Chess Academy |
Online Interactive Chess |
| CHESS
AS AN EDUCATIONAL TOOL: More Than Just the World's Premier Mental
Sport? |
Article |
| Taking
chess on line |
Online Interactive Chess |
| Vanished
Planet |
Vanished Planet is a cooperative board game conceived
and produced by Vanished Planet Games. Players must complete
missions acquired throughout the game before their homeworlds
are destroyed by a malevolent world-eating creature. |
| |
| Carnegie
Melon High School Game Academy |
Interactive digital game development through hands
on experience and exposure to the breadth of knowledge and disciplines
needed to be part of this new and exciting field |
| Carnegie
Mellon Entertainment Technoology Center |
Center on gaming amongst other
domains |
| Experimental
Gameplay Project |
Create 50 to 100 games in 1 semester. New games
every week |
| Games
by Grube |
Published educational games for
teachers, parents and students. Our primary game players include
K-12 students, enrichment after-school classes, and home schoolers.
|
| Homemade
PowerPoint Games |
Free templates |
| Kids
Games and Puzzles |
The fun place to learn online |
| Math
Patterns |
Anneberg |
| Nowhere
Road: the Game 1.0 |
Also - The
making of "Nowhere Road- The Game". |
| Online
Math Games for Kids |
An interactive web site that includes math flash
cards, games and worksheets . Elementary and middle school kids
can use these activities to improve their skills. Parents use
our tools to allow kids to practice up on the areas the class
is working on, or on the next grade level. These flash cards
, games and worksheets are free for the general public. |
| Order
of Operations |
Drag and drop games |
| Primary
Games Interactive |
Math games |
| Strange
New Gaming Worlds Online |
Massively multiplayer online (MMO) games have
arrived . MMO games are a combination of PC games and online
social gatherings |
The
Thaigi Group |
Contains 1000s of pages of ready-to-use games
and practical tips |
Gaming
Theory |
|
|
Organizations
& Centers |
| The Association
for the Study of Play |
TASP is a multidisciplinary organization whose purpose is
to promote the study of play, to support and cooperate with
other organizations having similar purposes, and to organize
meetings and publications that facilitate the sharing and dissemination
of information related to the study of play |
| Bissada Management
Simulations (BMS) |
|
| ELSPA
(the Entertainment & Leisure Software Publishers Association)
|
Founded in 1989 to establish a specific and
collective identity for the British computer and video games
industry. |
| The
GameBoy Advance Development Ring |
Game Boy Advance Development. games, demos, tools, info, news |
| Game Boy Book
Reader |
GameBoy Book Reader allows you to make a text file into a
book which you can read on the GameBoy or GameBoy Advance. |
| Game
Design News |
Games*Design*Art*Culture |
| The
Indie Game Jam |
A yearly game design and programming event
designed to encourage experimentation and innovation in the
game industry. |
| International Center
for Digital Content |
Its mission is to create a strong digital content industry
in England's Northwest by transferring the skills and knowledge
from inside the organization. |
| The
Interactive Digital Software Association |
Web page of facts about video gaming. |
| National
Centre for Computer Games |
To support the UK games industry and carry out pioneering
research and development into this enormously popular field
of entertainment. |
| Technology
and Standards Watch |
Keep track of developments in information
and communication technologies that might have high impact on
the core business of Further and Higher education in five to
ten years' time. |
| International
Simulation & Gaming Association ( ISAGA) |
International organization for scientists
and practitioners developing and using simulation, gaming and
related methodologies. |
| SIG-GLUE
|
SIG-GLUE is a special interest group in the area of games-based
learning in universities and life long Learning that aims to
promote more and better use of better learning games. |
| Association
for Business Simulation and Experiential Learning (ABSEL) |
A professional association whose purpose is
to develop and promote the use of experiential techniques and
simulations in the field of business education and development. |
| North American Simulation
and Gaming Association (NASAGA) |
Network of professionals working on the design, implementation,
and evaluation of games and simulations to improve learning
results in all types of organizations. |
| SIGIS
|
SIGIS is the Italian section of ISAGA (International
Simulation and Gaming Association) |
| The Maricopa
Center for Learning and Instruction (MCLI) |
Dedicated to supporting and advancing teaching and learning
by working collaboratively with faculty, administrators, and
district-wide groups to provide quality services, programs,
and resources |
| Innovative
Pedagogical Approaches Advances in Education |
Excellent resources although disorganized
|
| Katrin
Becker |
Studying the use of computer games for learning, and the kind
of learning that happens when people play these games. |
| Clark
Aldrich |
Business skills, simulation platform |
| Ninth
House Networks |
Business leadership development |
| Laws,
Games and Educational Products |
Law and political science |
| Visual Purple
|
Customizes learning solutions for training needs |
| WILL
Interactive, Inc. |
Programs combine instructional design with
feature filmmaking and game theory to create products that educate
and engage the user. |
| Stagecast
|
Free downloads available to try. Make your own video games.
Share them with friends. Make and explore simulations. Learn
thinking skills. |
| Riverdeep
|
Several examples free and for cost |
| Scholastic
|
Several examples free and for cost |
| BECTA
– British Educational Computer and Technology Association
(UK) |
Becta is the Government's key partner in the
strategic development and delivery of its information and communications
technology (ICT) and e-learning strategy for the schools and
the learning and skills sectors. |
| DigiPlay - Universities
of Manchester and Central Lancashire (UK) |
Researching Games and the Industry they work in |
| e-Cybermission
- Math and Science learning |
eCYBERMISSION is a web-based science, math
and technology competition for 6th through 9th grade teams. |
| The
Learning Federation (American Federation of Scientists, Microsoft,
et. al.) (US) |
The Learning Federation is a partnership joining companies,
universities, government agencies and private foundations to
promote a national research plan to create radically improved
approaches to teaching and learning enabled by information technology. |
| TEEM
– Teachers Evaluating Educational Multimedia (UK) |
Evaluates software/simulations for teachers
(UK) |
| Digital
Games Research Association (DiGRA) |
Is a non-profit, international association of academics and
practitioners whose work focuses on digital games and associated
activities. |
| Initiatives:
Games and Professional Practice Simulations (GAPPS) |
Focus on how games can enhance learning |
| Center for Computer
Game Research |
Research game aesthetics, game design, game spaces, game worlds,
gaming cultures, and learning in games. |
| Joystick101
|
A web community studying games "in depth" |
|
People in this area of study:
- Jim Gee
- Kurt Squire
- Dmitri Williams
- Henry Jenkins
- TL Taylor
- Alice Robison
- Rebecca Black
- Clark Aldrich
- Marc Prensky
- Constance Steinkuehler
|
| Software
for Learning |
Part of the Maricopa Center for Learning and
Instruction (mcli) |
| NEEDS
The Digital Library for Engineering Education |
|
| The
Center for LifeLong Learning and Design (L3D) |
Is an educational and research unit of the
Computer Science Department whose mission is the ongoing development
of theory and technology to support learning, design, and communication. |
| World
Wide Interactive Learning Design Team: The WWILD Team
|
An Online Community of Teachers, Parents, Students,
and Software Developers Promoting Experiential Learning |
Educational
Gaming Companies |
| Games2train |
Different games, cell phones, simulations etc… |
Thaigi
|
Portal to various gaming resources, tutorials,
templates and more |
| Imparta (UK) |
Focus on sales effectiveness, business acumen and custom training
solutions |
| Learningware
|
Leading provider of software templates designed
to make training more engaging and fun! |
| Lucas Learning®
|
Founded by George Lucas to provide K-12 classrooms technology-based
instructional materials that make learning challenging, engaging
and fun. |
| Center for Distributed
Learning |
A great resource for any higher education faculty or student.
Follow the link to the MERLOT project and search the database
for interactive resources (most are written in Java). |
| Explore
Science Home Page |
This is probably my most favorite example of a collection
of interactive learning modules and all were designed by just
one person, Raman Pfaff, a nuclear physicist by training. It's
an astounding collection. |
| World Wide
Interactive Learning Design (WWILD) Team home page
|
Join the WWILD Team! This is a 'bare bones' web site that
I built to push a new delivery model of web-based learning resources.
Several of my simulations and games can be found there, including
a demo of Space Shuttle Commander, Acceleration & Velocity
Simulation (which includes "The Rogue Refrigerator"
model), and SimSchool. Take note that my examples, and many
others, require special resources to run the programs (such
as one of the Shockwave plug-ins). When these resources are
needed, most sites give links to where you can acquirre the
resources. |
| Macromedia's Shockzone
|
Much of my simulation and gaming material is programmed in
Authorware and then "shocked" for use on the Internet.
You can get familiar with Shockwave technology by visiting Macromedia's
Shockzone. There are lots of examples of interactive multimedia
created using Shockwave (few are educational, however). |
| North American Simulation
and Gaming Association |
This is the group that publishes the "Simulation &
Gaming" journal. NASAGA's primary mission is to facilitate
the use of simulations and games and to collect, develop and
spread information about the principles and procedures of interactive,
experiential approaches to education, training, management,
problem solving and decision making. |
| Serious
Design for Serious Play |
[Word
... PDF] |
Simulations |
| |
|
|
Portals |
| eLearning
|
Experience math and science with Gizmos Free trial One of
my FAVORITE |
| Shall
we Teach with a Game? |
List of avaibale free simulations and evaluations
of others |
| SGX : The World
of Simulation/Gaming |
SGX (Simulation/Gaming Exchange) is a clearing
house for web sites related to simulation/gaming. (including
a specialized search engine for simulation/gaming). |
| Library
Simulations in E-Learnng |
Simulations in e-learning |
MOOs
and MUDs |
| The Lost Library
of MOO |
Portal |
| Diversity University
Main Campus |
First MOO to be designed specifically for classroom
use. DU Main is a project of DUETS, Inc., which is a 501(c)(3)
non-profit educational organization dedicated to meeting the
on-line distance education learning needs of individuals and
institutions |
| BioGate
system [Word] |
Documentation about a web interface
for MOOs. |
| MooseCrossing
|
Kids Building Learning Community |
Articles |
| The
Art of Computer Game Design by Chris Crawford |
Entire text. Computer game designer Chris Crawford
originally composed this text in 1982. |
| Considering
Games as Cognitive Tools: In Search of Effective "Edutainment"
Jan G. Hogle |
This paper reviews proposed benefits of using
games as cognitive tools, and discusses the complexities of
assessing those benefits. |
| Learning,
Teaching, and Technology |
eBook |
| Passing
on the family trade |
Article on kids developing games |
| The
Educational Potential of Electronic Games: From Games–To–Teach
to Games–To–Learn |
The Instructionist Approach:
Games–To–Teach |
| The International
Journal of Computer Game Research |
Game Studies is a crossdisciplinary journal dedicated
to games research, web-published several times a year at www.gamestudies.org.
Our primary focus is aesthetic, cultural and communicative aspects
of computer games. |
| Rieber,
L. P. (1996). Seriously considering play: Designing interactive
learning environments based on the blending of microworlds,
simulations, and games. Educational Technology Research &
Development, 44(2), 43-58 |
This paper provides a brief
overview of the history, research, and theory related to play. |
| Constructivism
at Work through Play |
The purpose of project KID DESIGNER is to enhance
the natural tendency of children to explore their environment
through play |
| The
Value of Serious Play |
In this paper, we propose play
as a suitable goal for those situations requiring children or
adults to engage in creative higher-order thinking coupled with
intense personal commitment and involvement. |
| Serious
Design for Serious Play |
We present our approach to designing a physical
science lesson according to the specifications outlined in this
special issue. We also discuss our learning and design philosophy,
the assumptions under which we worked, and try to show how these
influenced our design decisions. |
| Readings
from Rieber |
Excellent resources on gaming |
| Trends
Home and Media |
Read whats new in home educational entertainment |
| Using
Chess to Improve Teaching |
A unique course offered through
City College of New York aims to help teachers improve their
craft by introducing them to chess. W |
| Lively
Learning with Math Games |
Students love playing games--games are fun! But
they can also be so much more. |
| |
|
| Clark
Aldrich's Six criteria of an educational simulation [PDF]
|
Three criteria, linear, systems, and cyclical,
describe content. And three, simulation, game, and pedagogy,
describe delivery. |
| Making
the most of software simulations [Word]
|
Effective way to train end-users
on a new software application Shannon Estabrook, Learning Circuits,
September 2004 |
| Simulated
Worlds: Rapid Generation of Web-Based Role-Play
[Word
... PDF] |
Paper describes and discusses the pedagogical
foundations and the technical features that enables rapid generation
of role-play simulations on the Web. |
| Web-based
simulations as teaching and learning media in Political Science
|
This paper describes the experience
of using a web-based simulation in the political Science department
at the University of Melbourne. |
| Web-based
Simulation Generator: Empowering Teaching and Learning Media
[Word
... PDF] |
Outlines and discusses a Web-based simulation
generator which enables an innovative "learning architecture",
which combines the power of goal-based learning, role-play and
the capabilities of the World Wide Web in facilitating learning
and teaching. |
| Role
Playing/Simulation for ESOL [Word
... PDF] |
Paper examines technique of
Role playing/simulation as an extremely valuable method for
L2 learning for esol students |
| Learning
with Software Book Online |
The learning theories and teaching practices that
accompany and underlie the educational use of software, at all
levels of schooling based fundamentally on the work done by
Greg Kearsley |
| Wilson,
B. G. (1995). Metaphors for instruction: Why we talk about learning
environments. Educational Technology, 35 (5), 25-30. |
|
| Close
to 100 |
The game Close to 100 engages students in solving
mathematical problems in ways that make sense to them, talking
about their work, working with peers, building models of mathematical
situations, relying on their own thinking, and learning from
the thinking of others |
| Teaching Instructional Design Online: Opportunities
and Obstacles to Collaborative Learning Lloyd P. Rieber Presented
at the American Educational Research Association (AERA), San
Diego, April, 2004 |
Paper
- Presentation |
| Riebler Articles |
- Rieber, L. P. (1995). Using
computer-based microworlds with children with pervasive
developmental disorders: An informal case study. Journal
of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 4(1), 75-94.
- Rieber, L.P. (2001, December). Designing
learning environments that excite serious play. Paper
presented at the annual meeting of the Australasian Society
for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education, Melbourne,
Australia. Full paper (pdf)
- Rieber, L. P., & Matzko, M. J. (2001). Serious design
of serious play in physics. Educational Technology, 41(1),
14-24. Full paper (html)
- Rieber, L. P., Smith, L., & Noah, D. (1998). The value
of serious play. Educational Technology, 38(6), 29-37. Full
paper (html)
- Rieber, L. P. (1996). Seriously considering play: Designing
interactive learning environments based on the blending
of microworlds, simulations, and games. Educational Technology
Research & Development, 44(2), 43-58. Full paper (html)
- Rieber, L. P. (1995). A historical review of visualization
in human cognition. Educational Technology Research &
Development, 43(1), 45-56.
- Rieber, L.P. (1995) Using computer-based microworlds with
children with pervasive developmental disorders: An informal
case study. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia,
4(1), 75-94. Full paper (html)
- Hooper, S., & Rieber, L.P. (1995). Teaching with technology.
In A.C. Orstein (Ed.), Teaching: Theory into practice (pp.
154-170). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Full paper (html)
- Rieber, L. P. (1993). A pragmatic view of instructional
technology. In K. Tobin (Ed.), The practice of constructivism
in science education (pp. 193-212). Washington, DC: AAAS
Press.
- Rieber, L. P. (1992). Computer-based microworlds: A bridge
between constructivism and direct instruction. Educational
Technology Research & Development, 40(1), 93-106.
- Rieber, L. P., & Kini, A. (1991). Theoretical foundations
of instructional applications of computer-generated animated
visuals. Journal of Computer-Based Instruction, 18(3), 83-88.
- Rieber, L. P. (1990). Animation in computer-based instruction.
Educational Technology Research & Development, 38(1),
77-86.
- .Rieber, L.P., Supporting discovery-based learning with
simulations. Invited presentation at the International Workshop
on Dynamic Visualizations and Learning, Knowledge Media
Research Center, Tubingen, Germany, July 18-19, 2002. Full
paper (pdf)
- Rieber, L. P., Davis, J., Matzko, M., & Grant, M.
(2001, April). Children as multimedia critics: Middle school
students' motivation for and critical analysis of educational
multimedia designed by other children. Paper presented at
the annual meeting of the American Educational Research
Association, Seattle. Full paper (pdf)
- Rieber, L. P., Luke, N., & Smith, J. (1998). Project
KID DESIGNER: Constructivism at work through play. Meridian:
Middle School Computer Technology Journal. 1(1). [On-line].
- Rieber, L. P. (1996). Animation as feedback in a computer-based
simulation: Representation matters. Educational Technology
Research & Development, 44(1), 5-22.
- Rieber, L. P. (1995). Using computer-based microworlds
with children with pervasive developmental disorders: An
informal case study. Journal of Educational Multimedia and
Hypermedia, 4(1), 75-94. Full paper (html)
|
| Bernie DeKoven |
Resources, articles and blogs |
| Brian
Sutton-Smith's "The Ambiguity of Play" |
Book focuses on play theories
rooted in seven distinct "rhetorics"--the ancient
discourses of Fate, Power, Communal Identity, and Frivolity
and the modern discourses of Progress, the Imaginary, and the
Self |
| John
Dempsey (University of South Alabama) |
|
| Web Gardens |
Tool to build webquests |
| Bernie
Dodge (San Diego State University) |
Guru of Webquests |
Constructivist
Labs/Centers |
| Center for Connected Learning (CCL) |
Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling
(CCL) is dedicated to the creative use of technology to deepen
learning. |
| Classroom
Compass: Constructing Knowledge in the Classroom |
Entire text. discusses constructivist learning . Done by Southwest
Educational Development Laboratory |
| Educational Transformation through Technology at MIT |
Through case studies and a sampling of MIT educational technology
projects in the Project Gallery, this site presents a snapshot
of MIT's education technology development from 1999–2005. |
| M.I.T. Media Lab |
The Media Laboratory opened its doors in the Wiesner Building,
designed by I.M. Pei, in 1985. In its first decade, much of
the Laboratory's activity centered around abstracting electronic
content from its traditional physical representations, helping
to create now-familiar areas such as digital video and multimedia |
| MIT
AI Lab and LCS |
MIT AI Lab and LCS merged to become MIT
CSAIL. |
Top
Learning Theories |
| Tom Cutshall's reading talks about differnt IT definitions |
| Deubel, P. (2003). An investigation of behaviorist and cognitive approaches to instructional multimedia design. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 12(1), 63-90. |
| Online access to many of the original articles by theorists can be found at http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/topic.htm |
| Greg Kearsley's Theory Into Practice (TIP) database |
| Greg Kearsley's online book: Learning and Teaching in Cyberspace |
| Instructional Design & Learning Theory by Brenda Mergel- full paper (also Spanish version) with WONDERFUL full access reference papers |
| Em Technologies (Emerging Technologies) - sub link to Learning Theories portal-more than you every wanted-but bookmark |
| Open Reference portal |
| Smith, M. K. (1999) 'Learning theory', the encyclopedia of informal education |
| What You Need to Know About Adult Learning Portal |
| Explore: Funderstanding: Learning Styles-12 different ways of learning |
| http://www.uib.no/People/sinia/CSCL/HMM_Constructivism.htm |
| Hein, G.(1991). Constructivist Learning Theory. [Word ... PDF] |
| Informal Learning |
| Lifelong Learning |
| Learning society |
| What is Activity Theory |
| What is Cooperative Learning? |
| Siemens, G. Connectivism: A Learning Thoery for the Digital Age. [Word ... PDF] |
| Theories of knowledge acquisition. Landauer. T., & Dumais S. A Solution to Plato's Problem: The Latent Semantic Analysis Theory of Acquisition, Induction and Representation of Knowledge. LONG, dense reading. But excellent if this is an area of interest for you. [Word ... PDF] |
| The what and why to Project-Based Learning (PBL) |
| SEDL Connecting Student Learning and Technology. Classroom Activities Based on Constructivism. |
Logo
Programming/MicroWorlds |
| CyberSTEM™ MicroWorlds Tutorials |
|
| Kids and Computers Pages |
Don Sleeth’s ideas |
| LCSI's
Microworlds Site |
The maker of Microworlds |
| Logo
for all |
History of Logo Language |
| LOGO
spoken here-Microworlds site |
Short History of Logo and Microworlds |
| McClees, D.,L., & and Fitch D.
(1999,spring/summer) The
Case for Classic Logo |
Article |
MathCats
|
Games and activites with MicroWorlds for
Math content |
Math
games and activities
|
Tic-Tac-Toe |
| Open
World Learning |
Go to the Project Folders |
| Skills Development
MicroWorldsTM |
LCSI Global Leader in Constructivist Educational Technology
Learning |
| Sound
Site MicroWorlds Projects |
Sound Site MicroWorlds Projects |
| StarLogo |
StarLogo is a programmable modeling environment
for exploring the workings of decentralized systems |
| Tempel, M., & Chafiian, H. (1999,
spring/summer).Computer
games by kids, for kids. Logo Update On-line. |
Short article for ideas |
| Tempel, M., & Chafiian, H. (1999,
spring/summer).Computer games by kids, for kids. Logo Update On-line. |
Logo Update On-line articles/resources |
| Tempel, M., (1999,spring/summer) The Turtle is Dead: Rethinking Logo in the Age of Kid Pix. |
Article |
| Valente, J. (1995, Fall) Logo as a window into the mind. Logo Update On-line. |
Article |
Top
Social
Networking Environments
|
| Bebo |
Focuses on social networking for School/College
Students and Alumni; wide range of features - private messaging,
including Skype voice calls; calendaring and clubs; sharing
writing/drawing on virtual whiteboards; blogging and sharing
photos; creating personal quizzes. Links to guides on Safety
and Cyber Bullying. Looks like a responsible contender for
the K-12 environment. |
| BookCrossing |
A read-and-release scheme for book-lovers
and their books. |
| Classmates |
Contact maintenance, reunion updates, work & careers
directory, college directory |
| Delphi
Forums |
Find and join forums e.g., Education & Alumni
Forums. |
| Five
reasons social networking doesn't work |
Article |
| Flickr |
Location to share pictures |
| Friend
of a Friend (FOAF) project |
is about creating a Web of machine-readable
homepages describing people, the links between them and the
things they create and do. |
| Friendster |
was designed as a dating/friendship service
- now also offers blogging, p2p file sharing, photo albums
and profile tracking (a controversial feature). |
| gradFinder |
Reconnect with former classmates. |
| Linkedin |
Friends and Job related |
| Meetups |
Community location groups Type in location
and zip code--see what groups are active in your neighborhood |
| Microsoft Research Group: Social
Computing Group |
Research and develop software that contributes
to compelling and effective social interactions, with a focus
on user-centered design processes and rapid prototyping. |
| MySpace.com |
Space for Friends?? popular high school site |
| RYZE |
Business related |
| Tribe |
Features thousands of common interest groups based on the
idea that connected people get things done |
| wwwToolsforeducators |
Excellent overview of social networkins, articles, strategies
and tools |
| Xanga |
Community of online diaries and journals; provides access
to an extensive range of Blogrings |
| XFN |
(XHTML Friends Network) is a simple way to represent human
relationships using hyperlinks. |
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